Lupus Causes And Effects On The Human Body - 1427 Words

Lupus: The Cause and Effects on the Human Body Lupus Erythematosus, or Lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes the human body to attack itself. Autoimmune (meaning â€Å"self† immune) diseases result in the body being unable to distinguish between foreign threats and the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus has the potential to range from a mild aesthetic inconvenience to a life-threatening ailment. There is believed to be about five million people worldwide who are living with a form of Lupus (Ginzler Tayar, 2015). While being a disease that transcends time, gender, age and ethnicity, significant medical progress was not made until the mid 20th century. Discovery and Scientific Progress According to the Lupus Foundation of America (2015), the history of Lupus as an acknowledged disease can be divided into three time periods: the classical, neoclassical, and the modern periods. The Classical Period has been traced back as early as 1200 A.D and extended through the mid 1800’s. It is largely characterized by the development of physical descriptions of Lupus as it manifested in patients. In the context of the disease, the word â€Å"lupus† was first used in the thirteenth century by a doctor by the name of Rogerius as a way to describe the lesions he found on people’s skin (Lahita, 2010). â€Å"Lupus† is the latin word for wolf, as wolf bites were the best comparison to the lesions at the time. The Neoclassical Period of Lupus history began in 1872 when Austrian dermatology studentShow MoreRelated Systemic Lupus Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a fairly common disease identified as episodes of inflammation and damage to joints, tendons, and various organs. The most effected organs are the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, blood vessels, and skin. Lupus affects each individual differently and the effects could be mild to severe depending on the individual. SLE is an autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system attacks the healthy cells and tissues in the body (Ohio State, 2009). The main cause of lupusRead MoreAutoimmune Deficiencies Of Autoimmune Deficiency1591 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is also a lack of compassion shown; causing an awkward, silent tension between people. Lupus is a subcategory of the Autoimmune Deficiencies. Those with this tend to be silent about their struggle, causing it to be unnoticed in the world. However, there have been efforts made medically to give these people a true voice. In order to give them a voice people must know what Lupus actually is, the causes and symptoms of it, and new research that can help improve the quality of life for those whoRead MoreAre Autoimmune Diseases Killing You?803 Words   |  4 Pagesback? Autoimmune diseases: The Immune system is provided by the body to keep the human system healthy, and virus/bacteria free. Autoimmune diseases occur when a T lymphocyte cell escapes the lymphoid and mistakes an organ/system/tissue for a virus, this rogue T cell than instructs B lymphocytes cells to develop antibodies. These special antibodies are known as ‘autoantibodies’ (special blood proteins that target the individual’s body parts). Autoimmune diseases are supposedly triggered, this is aRead MoreLupus Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesMe’Gan Caesar December 3, 2010 Annotated Bibliography Lupus Erythematosus Szuda, Stephanie â€Å"Health: Life with Lupus.† The Times. 11 Jan 2008. 19 Nov 2010. lt;Mywebtimes.comgt; Summary: The story is about a 25 year old guy name Jason Holland. Jason is living with Lupus Erythematosus. Lupus is a chronic inflammatory disease. He has internal and external lupus that affects his internal organs and skin. He takes 15 pills a day just to make it through the day. He goes to theRead MoreImpact of Lupus on a Patient1390 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Lupus a Chronic Disease Patients release Elsa 28 years and Kate 27 years Elsa lives in the North of England. After she found out she had Lupus for a period of six years, the doctor consultant advised her that her pregnancy was safe. In 2008, following the birth of her daughter, her kidney malfunctioned. She had not known the impact of the disease on her life. She says that the illness made her long hair thick, which gradually fell off her head. This traumatized her also because ofRead MoreSkin Disorders Essay1058 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribe as atopic dermatitis. People who have eczema usually have a family history of asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis (eczema). Dermatitis affects about one in every five people at some time in their lives. It results from a variety of different causes and has various patterns. Some people who have eczema also have asthma or hay fever. Eczema is an inherited disease in which part of the immune system is over active. People with eczema can be shown to have multiple allergies on skin and prick testingRead MoreSystemi c Lupus Erythematosus ( Sle )1591 Words   |  7 PagesSystemic Lupus Erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple tissues and systems and with significant variable clinical features and organ involvement (Cava, 2010). It is characterized by a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue with wide spectrum of involvement of skin, joints, kidneys and serosal membranes. The exact etiology is noknown, but it represents failure of the regulatory mechanismsRead MoreLupus : An Autoimmune Disease3344 Words   |  14 PagesWhat is Lupus? Lupus is an autoimmune disease in which our autoantibodies target self-proteins, known as ANAs. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is understood to be caused by our genetics and the environmental triggers from our everyday lives. There are four different types to this incurable but manageable disease, Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus, Drug-induced Lupus Erythematosus, Neonatal Lupus, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. I will cover all of them, the main focus is on Systemic Lupus ErythematosusRead MoreThe Mechanism Program At Children s Hospital2239 Words   |  9 Pagesapplying this knowledge in a laboratory and clinical setting. A family friend is affected by lupus, and it is a very common autoimmune disease. Therefore, I was always interested in understanding the cause and mechanisms of this disease, and how it affects people. Pitch: SLE is a very complex disease, and is not fully understood. It affects every aspect of a person’s lifestyle, and there is no cure. Lupus can effect a person at sporadic times, as flares are common and unpredictable. There are many treatmentsRead MoreLupus Case Study Overview : Lupus2165 Words   |  9 PagesLupus Case Study Overview There are several types of lupus, but the most common and severe type is called Systematic Lupus Erythematosus or SLE. This form of lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes a chronic inflammation that can affect many major organs in the body. Common areas of the body that are affected are the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and the nervous system. The immune system is the part of the body that fights off viruses, bacteria, and germs, and other foreign substances

Essay about music in africa - 662 Words

Music and dance are so related closely in African thinking that it is difficult for them to separate song from movement or speech from playing the drum. In this case, the arts are a part of everyday normal life. Life cycle events including, but not limited to, birth, puberty and death are celebrated with a musical performance. Because music is so integral to society, everyone is expected to be able to sing and dance at a certain level of proficiency. Beyond that, certain people are selected for special musical training. These exceptional performers tend to reply on the help of spirits for guidance, which demand high performance from the individual. Musical instruments in West Africa are not just objects; they are semi-human as they take†¦show more content†¦In this tale, Woi got the help of an anteater and mole who dug a tunnel under the hill so that the house could pass. In the chorus of Woi, there are two different singing parts: both singing the same thing, but one repeated after the first and at a different interval. This use of faceting and interlocking and alternating parts, is greatly admired in the West African culture and is the highest form of performance. Another example is from a horn ensemble (CD track 3: Tranverse Horn Ensemble). In this case, the players were playing a very short motif that was interlocked with that of the other musicians, turning into a larger pattern, or hocket. While hard at work bush clearing, music could still be heard. Men who were not cutting were playing short patterns of several notes that interlocked with the other instrument’s pattern while the working me worked to the rhythm of this slit-log ensemble. Also, there was a singing call-and-response pattern between the musicians and the clearers. Faceting and cutting-the-edge is a dance that symbolizes the end of an event, with a bow and a hand gesture. With this, it shows that they highly prize faceting. Cutting-the-edge is a critical issue in music. When the performers employed it, entertainment music was dominant. Likewise, when the performers didn’t employ it, ritual was involved and continuity was an important emphasis in the expression. Another type of musical expression isShow MoreRelatedThe Apartheid of Music in South Africa Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThe question presented, concerning the South African apartheid and the music that was involved with the movements, debates whether the music came from the people’s desire to over come apartheid or if the music was a catalyst to the movement. As explained in the movie, the people used music for different aspects of the music, fundamentally a different song for every part of the movement. The music was a way in which the people could express themselves in a way that was noticed by their over rulersRead MoreHistory Of Musical History, And Music Theory Of South Africa997 Words   |  4 PagesSara Dietrich Mr. Moore AMU3M January 6, 2015 South Africa This paper is going to talk about the history, musical history, and music theory of South Africa. The country is populated with 52.98 million people and the main religion is Christian. The country of South Africa is located on the southern most tip of the continent of Africa and covers 4% of the total landmass. It is bordered by Mozambique, Namibia, and Botswana. It is a very biodiverse country because of the Atlantic ocean flankingRead MoreWest Africa581 Words   |  3 PagesHOMEWORK #4 CHAPTER 10; AFRICA 1. How do the principal musical manifestations found in the sub-Saharan Africa reflect the collective community and encourage group participations? a. Most of the collective music manifestations found in sub-Saharan Africa represent the community, and encourage group participation using a method that is called call-and-response. If they aren’t using a call-and-response such music’s are usually to be found at events such as religious ceremonies, and/orRead MoreAfrican Music And Its Impact On The World1051 Words   |  5 Pagesmost music we hear today is profanity such as rap or pop or basically any music in the united states. But there is one culture that hasn t changed that much but has stayed to their roots and is still popular today. That is African American music. Because of the rise of modern day music in America such as rap and pop I want to show how African music has impacted the world today and stayed in their roots. African music or better known as black music brought a lot of different types of music to AmericaRead MoreThe Music Of The World Music Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesand society, therefore it cannot be performed. Artists perform their music. While musicians do not perform their race, since it is an inherent quality of all people, it is often, but not always, seen as inauthentic when musicians perform outside of their race, gender, or class. This is especially true when someone from a more privileged class performs the art of the lower class. While completely replicating a certain style of music can often be seen as inauthentic, certain artists can easily performRead MoreThe History, Criticism And Theory Of The Arts935 Words   |  4 Pagesasked different questions about Africa, for example, how has Africa influenced American culture and whether Africa is a source of intellectual education and inspiration, among other questions. Some of those interviewed had to admit how little is k nown about modern day Africa and its extensive history. Some stated they believed everything started with Africa, for example music and dances that are popular in the Western world stemmed from Africa, others thought Africa was an intellectual and inspirationalRead MoreThe History Of African Music1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of Africa dates back four to five million years ago. Throughout Africa’s history, music has always been a consistent element that is important to the culture. The music can vary from being a story passed down orally to a melody that represents a war cry. Many elements of the music that are listened to today have been shaped by older African cultures. Through the usage of different musical components, various instruments, and musical influence, African music heavily contributes to itsRead MoreNkosi Sikelel Africa: A Song Made More Popular by the Governments Banning1336 Words   |  6 Pages The music from the Apartheid in South Africa was extrem ely important in the movement for freedom. At a time when there wasn’t much money for the Anti-Apartheid Movement, music became the most important weapon. The songs sung all over South Africa in resistance to the Apartheid intimidated the government more than weapons and violence could because of the powerful meaning behind each song that unified and strengthened the resistance. Artists all over South Africa wrote songs speaking out againstRead MoreInanga: A Song of Survival in Daughter’s Rwanda1673 Words   |  7 Pages Transcending individual differences, music in Africa has proved to be more than just a collection of notes and the production of sounds. Throughout this past semester, Professor B drew materials from West, East and South Africa to demonstrate the powerful ability of music to bring and bind people together. Consistently exemplified throughout African history, music has served as the unifying link between generations. In the documentary, Inanga: A S ong of Survival in Daughter’s Rwanda, a family’sRead MoreThe Development of Jazz in South Africa1409 Words   |  6 PagesOn June 19, 1890 South Africans came into contact with African American music for the first time. This contact came when Orpheus McAdoo’s Virginia Jubilee Singers. Orpheus McAdoo, a graduate of Hampton Institute, now known as Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia joined five members of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers, an African American a capella group from Fisk University and began to tour places such as Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. When he returned to the U.S., he added four members

Road Not Taken Robert Frost Free Essays

Journeys illustrate the voyage between places of interest. They are demonstrated by expressing to the audience the hardship and mixed emotions you go through to the destination. Some examples of positive effects on those who embark on a mission are that it hinders them to get out of their comfort zone and helps them appreciate what they have, if a problem occurs while embarking on your voyage it will have to be resolved to make the mission you board on possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Not Taken Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now The text analysed â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost and the type of text is poetry. My second choice of text was â€Å"The Wizard of Oz† by Victor Fleming the text type is a movie. Some possible techniques analysed are rhyme, imagery, symbolism, long shot, up shot and a full shot. In the title â€Å"The Road Not Taken† describes a journey that hasn’t been trekked upon; people chose the comfort of a common path to avoid obsticles of hardship and beyond the unknown. In the movie â€Å"The Wizard of Oz†, the hardship of deciding which road or path to take by choosing which pathway she will travel on the unknown. Embarking on the unknown; in the poem The Road Not Taken, the author uses rhyme to make it easier or clearer for the reader to contemplate. â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and be one traveller long I stood. † In â€Å"Two roads diverged† it was offering us a choice on which path to stride on, by illustrating â€Å"yellow wood† it characterizes the road as cautious. â€Å"And be one traveller long I stood† one traveller alone, no companion, own choice, uncertainty of which path to voyage on. Therefore the uncertainty is the obsticle of hardship of his journey. Furthermore in the movie, The Wizard of Oz we distinguish Dorothy and Toto embarking on their journey. In the long shot Dorothy and Toto illustrate the extensive road ahead of them. It also shows the solitude of Dorothy that she’s got nowhere left to go apart from running away. The baggage in her hand emphasizes that she’s taken everything she owned and not returning home. Low modality demonstrates the gloominess of the journey ahead. In relation to ‘The Road Not Taken’ and ‘The Wizard of Oz’ both texts, illustrate solitude, hardship, beyond the unknown and the uncertainty of choice. Embarking on the unknown; in the poem ‘The Road Not Taken’ the author uses imagery to illustrate the choice between the different paths. The unknown is there to explore. â€Å"Then took the other, as just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim, because it was grassy and wanted wear. † In ‘Then took the other just as fair’ illustrates to us that the author portrays the rare choice of which path he chose to take. ’And having perhaps the better claim’ the author is certain that he’s made the right choice. ‘Because it was grassy and wanted wear’ the imagery described as the grass has never been tread on or hasn’t been walked on; undisturbed. Therefore the text symbolizes the choice of journeys undertaken prior. Furthermore in the movie ‘The Wizard of Oz’ we observe Dorothy, Glinda and the wicked witch of the west. In the full shot we establish that Dorothy’s house has landed on top of the wicked witch of the east. The witch of the west approaches to save the ruby shoes but they are mysteriously positioned on Dorothy’s feet. The witch cautions Dorothy that there will be vengeance. In the full shot we observe Dorothy’s face that she’s petrified. The full shot demonstrates emotions on the characters face. In the background the munchkins are laying flat on the ground terrified from the witch after the witch’s journey flying. In relation to â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"The Wizard of Oz† in both texts we establish the uncertainty of choice chosen and the different journey’s they embark upon. Embarking on the unknown; the author uses symbolism to illustrate the colour of his journey. â€Å"And that morning equally lay, in leaves no step had trodden black. † In ‘leaves o step had trodden black’ this portrays that no living being had ever walked upon this path before due to the fact that the black is symbolising gloominess and depression. Therefore, again the uncertainty of the unknown is the obsticle of the journey he’s embarking upon. Furthermore, in the movie â€Å"The Wizard of Oz† we establish the flying monkeys in the air with Dorothy in their arms. The upshot was used to illustrate to us the length and height they flew up from the ground to emphasize to the viewers that they should be fearful of them. The dull use of colours focuses on the darkness the witch and the monkeys originate from. The monkeys disrupt Dorothy’s journey which she was so close to getting to her destination. In relation to both texts we distinguish the interruption of the journey, the gloominess of the different types of journey you embark upon. In conclusion to these two texts we establish that journeying upon the unknown can position you in a situation you don’t want to be placed in. Also the hardship and the uncertainty of choice upon the voyage and the solitude of both characters in both texts are demonstrated throughout the mission. Furthermore we learn that different types of dangers and obsticles can interrupt the journey you are embarking upon. How to cite Road Not Taken Robert Frost, Essay examples

“ No One Can Be Free Unless He Is Independent. Therefore, the First Active Manifestations of the Child’s Individual Liberty Must Be so Guided That Through This Activity He May Arrive at Independence”. free essay sample

DMT 106 – Language Essay Topic â€Å"Language lies at the root of that transformation of the environment that we call civilisation†. * Dr. Maria Montessori. How is language encouraged in the Montessori prepared environment? Introduction:- A Language differentiates a community from one another but at the same time it also unites and binds people of different background and races together through a common language. Language is required to understand speech and to convey our thoughts, feelings and our wants. It unites individuals and it develops consistently according to the need of their mind. It is through communication that human beings have collaborated with each other to solve common problems and based on written and oral language in particular that each generation has passed on its accumulated wisdom to the next. â€Å"Language, we may say, grow with human thought. †(Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, p109). The process of language and speech development which influences children into social and emotional interaction begins right from birth. The significant time of language development in a child’s life is from birth to six years, which Montessori described as Sensitive Periods. Their primary caretakers during these years are often their parents with whom they interact the most, influence the language development. Thus, home is the first prepared environment where a child is exposed to facial and verbal interaction. The Montessori prepared environment provides this in an appealing and ordered way. The materials in the environment are appealing to a child’s sensitive periods, like language with its nebulae for reading. It is planned and maintained by the directress in such a way that the child is free to educate himself independently and with ease. We like to live in an orderly environment because it ministers to a sense of comfort in us, and aids our efficiency. (Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work by E. M. Standing, P. 125). So the materials provided in classroom are all child sized. Consequently the children learn to manipulate their environment as they attempt to communicate their desires to all individuals around them. The development of four asp ects of language i. e. , Writing, Listening, Reading and Oral expression is achieved through activities which are conducted in a Montessori classroom by the directress. For instance- Writing is developed by encouraging children in correct formation of letters, pincer grip exercises, spelling and grammar. Oral expression is achieved through songs, drama, storytelling, vocabulary building, expressing logical thoughts and ideas. Reading is developed on the bases of sounds of the letters i. e. , phonics, the focus in on meaning, signs of letters or numbers, interpretation while enjoying it. Development of listening ability is achieved through circle time, interactive games, silence game, various sounds  in the environment and music. Literature Review- In the Montessori classroom it is believed that children go through sensitive periods where they are strongly drawn to the development of these particular skills including language. Dr. Maria Montessori developed two main basic concepts that are essentials of her philosophy namely- â€Å"Absorbent Mind† and â€Å"Sensitive Periods†. The first 6 years of age span is divided into 2 three year periods, 0-3 years and 3-6 years. The first 3 years of the child is considered as ‘Unconscious Learning’ and next three years is ‘Conscious Learning’. Both, the intellectual and emotional qualities of the child develop through â€Å"Sensitive Periods†. Each sensitive period motivates child to explore objects and relationships in their environment. According to Maria Montessori- â€Å"Child’s mind is sharper than an adult†. During sensitive period, children easily acquire abilities like language, discrimination of various senses, knowledge of the world, thought process of environment. With this in mind, a Montessori environment has been specially designed to appeal to children right from the age 2. 5, and the sensitive period that they are in. The Montessori learning environment promotes the understanding that children not only learn ‘with’ each other, but ‘from’ each other. There are children of different age groups in one classroom where they interact with each other, which indirectly motivates them to increase their vocabulary- This is known as Vertical Grouping. Mixed age group- eg- three to six, six to nine encourages all children to develop their personalities socially and intellectually at their own pace. Thus this minimises the need for adult’s guidance and intervention. From a teachers perspective learning occurs even in social occasions like snack time and meal time. There is a great sense of community within the Montessori classroom, where children of differing ages work together in an atmosphere of cooperation rather than competitiveness. There is respect for the environment and for the individuals within it, which comes through experience of freedom within the community. â€⠄¢ Dr Maria Montessori (cited in Elizabeth Hainstock, 1986, p. 81 The Essential Montessori). A sense of community allows the children to become confident in their environment and in themselves, using the knowledge and skills they acquire to express their own ideas and creativity. Development related to early literacy skills occurs when young children visit the language area in a Montessori classroom. The materials provide opportunities to get familiar with sounds of the letters with sandpaper cards, moveable alphabet exercises (LMA, SMA), expand vocabulary with wordlists, booklets, secret box, sentence cards and to look carefully and differentiate among objects and pictures. Young children learn by touching, listening and looking, therefore Sandpaper Letters and Moveable alphabets have proven to be effective as it provides sensorial education which lasts longer in a child’s mind. Children trace and feel the shapes of the letters while listening to its sound. This develops reading and writing phonetically. Later, stroking letters on a sand tray can be encouraged to associate the sounds and shapes of letters. Montessori had developed metal insets to assist the development of fine and muscle control, co-ordination, concentration which would later help in formation of letters. It develops pincer grip for fine movement of hand muscle, fingers and writs while using a pencil. Insets for design are direct preparation for writing. The combination of these two, insets and sounds of letters assists children to form words. In relation to the achievement of writing skill a child of 2. 5 to 5 years is in a sensitive period for language and for movement. When the child has had their sensitive period in a progressive way, then emerges the explosion of writing. Writing is taught before reading through the direct and indirect aims of the Montessori Practical Life and Sensorial work. The child learns from simple to more complex exercises. Through practical life exercises, a child is able to use correct fingers in order to hold a pencil. Exercises like screwing and unscrewing nuts and bolts, opening and closing locks and keys, threading and beading, pegging, pouring, self-dressing frames etc indirectly prepares the child for future writing. Using touch boards, knobless cylinder, geometric cabinets etc in sensorial exercises children learn working from left to right. Sound boxes, silence game enhances listening skills which are essential for writing as they will be able to hear the sounds of the letters well and will be able to make a word. Presentation tray displays concept of clockwise and anti-clockwise directions. Once a child has worked with these materials, they move on to more complex exercises for preparations of writing. Young children find matching, sorting amusing from sets of objects like cars and trucks, zoo animals, pictures of various objects. They enjoy learning the names of household tools like in kitchen area, unusual fruits and vegetables, animals and various geometric shapes, to name a few. The names of everyday objects are very useful and most important to the children and they will be thrilled to be able to use them correctly. Thus, Montessori classroom encourage language in different situations. Example- Role Play, Home Corner, Post office, Doctors clinic etc. It encourages descriptive language, children model in pretending play and this introduces them to appropriate words where necessary. The tape recorder corner is a popular attraction as children listen to rhymes, various sounds in the environment, as well as their favourite stories and songs. The use of singing, music, rhymes builds up on skills for good communication. The directress provides opportunity for language rich outdoor environment. Children explore the outdoor world carefully and develop awareness of the environment. Develop thinking skills which requires them to communicate and collect required information from the teachers or from other children. In a Montessori environment children are given the Freedom of Speech. This practise leaves any sort of hesitation behind and children are free to express their thoughts and opinions and improve their creative ideas. Children show enthusiasm and interest in language via books, poetry, rhymes, word games, etc. Therefore, when the directress set up a book corner in a Montessori classroom, the area need to be comfortable for reading the books with appropriate light and setting. It is essential that the books are presented to the child in the right manner. They need to be displayed in an appealing way, easy to access them from the shelf, books should be attractive and also, they should be rotated frequently. However, books can even be included into a child’s day through circle time, individual reading time, project work and drama. Various activities like drama, storytelling can fascinate children even more with the use of other objects like masks, puppets, musical instruments etc. Writing notes/personal experiences, grocery lists, thank you letters, creative thoughts by means of drawings and written stories can begin at a very early age. All this may enhance child’s language acquisition as well. Games such as eye spy encourage the child to listen for specific sounds and build their thinking capability and match them to objects corresponding to these initial sounds. Thus a child is refining their listening skills and perfecting their knowledge. Circle time one of a great activity to built language with practical knowledge. The directress discusses the calendar giving the information about days of the week, months of a year and so on, to the children. Personal experiences are shared among the group and every individual is given a chance to express their thoughts. This gives a good structure to both listening and speaking skills. Language development in children is effected by many factors. At times, this development slows down while a child is learning other new skills such as standing or walking etc. In other words, the energy at this point is being divided into other activities which include over-all development. The amount of exposure of language may also affect the rate of language development. Example- A language taught in Montessori other than mother tongue should be encouraged and practised at home as well till the child is comfortable in speaking a new language. Lack of this practise promotes children to be silent for a long period of time in the classroom. However, a right environment can assist a child to naturally develop language in a multi-cultural society. By merely living and without any conscious effort the individual absorbs from the environment even a complex cultural like language. (Elizabeth G. Hainstock, The Essential Montessori, pg. 81). All individual including the directress, make communication stronger while talking to the children. They should make eye-contact, acknowledge what they say, ask open-ended questions with appropriate tone with slow and clear speech. Children who receive poor response can be affected by the rate of language development. Conclusion- In conclusion, Language is the oral expression of thoughts, which is nurtured by a prepared environment. The purpose of this environment is to make language rich and enjoyable and give an interesting structure of four aspects of language- speaking, reading, writing and listening. Young children are provided with the best literature and non-fictions and real world environment for developing language naturally. Outdoor and Indoor environments provide lots of learning experiences- which are purposeful and has a cycle of activity. The Montessori environment is orderly and structured to simply to enable the child to make independent choices for their learning. Writing preparation is first introduced before reading. In brief, writing helps a child’s physiologically and reading helps him socially†(Montessori, 1983, pg 230). Therefore, a child gradually learns to communicate through language to make his mark in the society. Bibliography- * http://ilovemontessori. com/maria-montessori-quotes/ * http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/quotes/m/mariamonte391568. html * Maria Montessori (c ited in Elizabeth Hainstock, 1986, p. 81 The Essential Montessori. * Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, pg-109 * Maria Montessori, Discovery of the child, chapter- 15, 16. * Maria Montessori: Her Life and Work, E. M. Standing, Penguin books ltd, pg- 125.

Performance Measurement Paper free essay sample

In the world of business there are many cliche’s about how performance measurements are implemented and what they actually do such as â€Å"if your company doesn’t measure results then you can’t tell success from failure. † http://www. balancedscorecard. org/Home/tabid/36/Default. aspx The key focus on strategic objectives should always articulate precisely what the organization wants to accomplish which is the key to finding accurate, true, strategic measurements. The strategic performance measures will allow the organization to monitor the implementation and effectiveness of the operational efficiency. The best performance measures will provide a way to monitor and see if that strategy is actually working. Focusing on the importance of the employee’s contribution to the success of the organization is another important measure that can be added along with providing a common language for the communication of everyone. Performance measurement is so vital in the structure of an organization because it is an ongoing and constant reporting and monitoring of accomplishments. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Measurement Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Typically the program is implemented by agency management. The different program activities are measured by this system as well. A program may be considered any project, activity, or function that has a set of objectives. The three types in which will be compared and contrasted begins with the output type of performance measures which indicates a specific workload that is processed throughout a period of time. The next type of performance type of selection is the efficiency type, which indicates the different ratio’s of the resources to work the product. The resources of this particular type are primarily considered budget dollars. The final performance measurement type that will be under contrast is the outcome type which tells the results over a period of time from work which was performed by the organization in order to benefit the people receiving the service. (EOM) or enterprise output management is a practice used in information technology dealing with the organization of data that is created for banking systems, insurance database systems, customer relationship management, as well as many others. Output distributed management is defined as middle ware that threatens to drive out the process originally supported in order to implement an auto mated one. EOM output managment could potentially reduce the cost of traditional printing because it uses digital output channel such as fax and email. The potential of this is depends on how the concept is adopted by the targeted customer group. Management information systems allow organizations to get right people the correct information at a timely and efficient manner. The efficiency type of performance management works by pulling together information. Therefore improving the products and expanding the customer base at the same time. A manger with a good management information system can eliminate redundant miscues that waste time and may instead focus on what actually works for the betterment of the organization. If an MIS is added into the equation then the amount of time saving that will benefit the organization will be tremendous because there is more time being focused on the specific task at hand. The computer program can collect data from employees much faster than the alternative time consuming method of not taking advantage of the technology. The over-all term performance management is defined as the output of employees and groups individually. The employees may be divided into groups and departments within the organization as a whole. Therefore the performances can be evaluated much more effectively by knowing what everyone’s production levels are and by gathering this information will definitely help to improve the quality of production in the organization which will lead to good things for everyone. In order for the performance management procedures to be put in place and do the job that they are needed to do there should be a performance definition done as soon as humanly possible because this knowledge will help drive the rest of the tasking in sequence for what needs to be done for the organization.

Smile and Smiling Specific Purpose Essay Example

Smile and Smiling Specific Purpose Essay Example Smile and Smiling Specific Purpose Essay Smile and Smiling Specific Purpose Essay Preparation Outline: Informative Speech on Smiling Specific Purpose: to inform my speech class about the many things Your Smile can do. Thesis: After listening to my speech, my audience should be informed about how â€Å"Your Smile† can do many things; have an effect on you and others around you, and how it has an effect on your brain. Introduction I. Smiling is something most people enjoy. I’m a happy and very positive person, so I smile a lot. It turns out that when I smile, the world smiles back. In my research about smiling I referred to sources such as cbsnews. com, science. owstuffworks. com, bizzikid. co. uk II. Smiling can affect the way you feel. It feels good to smile and be smiled at. People like to be surrounded by others who are positive and make them feel good. III. A smile is a great way to start any conversation, and makes others more receptive to you. It adds to what you have to offer. Transition: Let’s start with how a smile can affect you and o thers around you. Body I. A smile can affect you and others around you. A. It lifts our mood as well as the moods of those around us. B. It can make us appear more attractive to others. C. It can be contagious. D. Make you look younger E. Help you build rapport F. Helps reassure the other person of your sincerity. Transition: Now that we have talked about how your smile can affect you and others around you, let’s move on to how your smile affects your brain. II. How Your Smile Affects Your Brain A. Each time you smile at a person, their brain coaxes them to return the favor. B. Facial changes involved in smiling have direct effects on certain brain activities associated with happiness. Smiling triggers your feel good chemicals in your brain. C. Just the simple act of smiling releases endorphins from the brain into the blood. In conclusion, today we have discussed how your smile can affect you and others around you. We also talked about how a smile affects your brain. Conclusion I. Smiling is a way to promote happiness within yourself and others. Smiling is a very important part of connecting and getting to know someone. II. Choosing to smile can make a difference in everything you do that day. A smile can brighten your mood, improve your outlook, and lead you to make positive choices. So when you smile not only will you make yourself feel better, you will also attract positive energy into your life. References Makes you look younger. Freeman, D. W. (2011, November 10). Smiling makes people look younger, study shows. . Retrieved from cbsnews. com/8301-504763_162-57322365-10391704/smiling-makes-people-look-younger-study-shows/ How your smile affects your brain. science. howstuffworks. com Layton, J. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://science. howstuffworks. com/life/smilinghappy1. htm Feel good chemicals. Bizzikid . (n. d. ). Retrieved from bizzikid. co. uk/healthwellbeingsmiling. html

Make a research on a geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Make a research on a geography - Essay Example McDonald’s dates its origin to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois in the year 1955, the ninth McDonalds restaurant overall. Ray Kroc in the later years purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and launched its worldwide expansion. In fact the company became so popular that with the successful expansion into the international markets it was called as the symbol of globalization. However, in the recent years it was also debated that the company was responsible for spreading unhealthy eating habits and has increased the incidence of obesity and other health problems. Besides, its prominence has also made it a common subject of public debates about corporate ethics and consumer responsibility. McDonalds restaurants are found in about 100-120 countries and territories around the world. In general, it is estimated that it serve nearly 54 million customers each day. McDonalds has become symbolic of globalization and since it is directly identified with United States culture and lifestyle, its expansion into the international market has been pointed out by critics as a part of Americanization and American cultural imperialism. Anti-globalization is a common term used to describe the political stance of people and groups who oppose the aspects of globalization and McDonalds remains a target of anti-globalization protesters worldwide (Wikipedia, 2007). Additionally, film’s such as â€Å"Super Size Me† that explores the horror of school lunch programs, declining health and physical education classes, food addictions were also blaming fast food restaurants like McDonald’s. Even will all these resistance and reparations in the world around, the company has improved and grown with more than 31,800 flagship restaurants serving burgers and fries in different countries and today McDonalds is more than a household name. It is estimated that about 30% of its locations are company-owned

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 5

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss - Essay Example Symbolism in the organisation refers to the wide variety of meaning and expression functions in the organisation. Organisational culture is a network of shared experiences and accepted reality through which tangible expressions are depicted in the symbols of the organisation. Symbolic organisational culture is displayed in the language, mode of dressing, rituals and routines that define the interactions among the stakeholders of the organisation (Brown 1998). Artifacts like pictures on the walls of the building, the smell and emotional overall feel of the organisation are used by the outsiders to gauge whether the company is bureaucratic or informal. For instance, a bouquet of flowers on the reception may be a symbol of stakeholders’ appreciation. The bouquet of flowers may have other associated elements such as the arrangement and texture that will indicate the historic experience of the stakeholders. According to prospective symbolization, artifacts in the organisation are n ot imitations but objects that portray the reality of organisational culture. According to Schein, the first level of organisational culture includes the artifacts that symbolize how employees interact in the organisation and guide the behaviour of employees (Schein 2009). ... The last level of the organisational culture is the assumptions that reflect the shared traditions and beliefs within the organisational culture (Schein 2009). Stories and myths also define the symbolic nature of organisational culture. Stories are used to highlight the past struggles and successes of the organisation. Stories and myths may either be written or oral and are used to orient the new employees to the organisation. Ordinary tells such as weekly sales levels or historic legends like the founders of the organisation help employees understand the strategic mission of the organisation. Effective stories will affirm the strategic and core values of organisation to employees. For instance, stories can be geared at enhancing creativity, professionalism, integrity and hard work thus facilitating the commitment to organisational objectives. The organisation can manage this symbolic element through having written core values that are displayed in walls and company websites. In addi tion, the beliefs are aimed at enhancing the job motivation and increased productivity, thus beliefs can be managed through expression of humor in the workplace (Daft 2010). Organisational routine actions and rituals such as ceremonies like the end of year parties, team retreats and company meetings add a symbolic value to the organisation. The leaders in the organisation should ensure regular performance reports, open performance discussions and board meetings in order to facilitate the evaluation of the past performance of the organisation (Nel 2009). Material objects such as corporate logos, company product designs and status symbols inspire or demoralize the employees. Symbols in the organisation justify

Human Resource Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human Resource Interview - Essay Example We are supported by the state government and our staff strength comprise of 440 full time and about 200 part time faculty/employees. While leading a non-profit organization my role is to supervise the smooth running of the institution and objective try to achieve the goals set by the vision and mission statement. I am responsible for managing the Human Resources and to arrange and organize funding, training and administration of this division. I report to the Principal. The mission statement: We identify and meet the educational needs, primarily of adults, in our principal geographic service area of northeast Dallas, Richardson, and Harland. We offer courses, programs, and services to enable students to achieve their educational goals, and become lifelong leaders, community builders, and global citizens. We enable employees to model excellence in their service to students, colleagues, and community. A2: We own several properties that have been converted into campuses. Richmond is located in Dallas and is the largest amongst them. It comprises of ten buildings surrounded by lakes and parks. Being environment friendly is one great challenge. The other is dealing with a great number of nationalities that constitute our students. Managing cultural diversities harmoniously is another great challenge. All this requires that the faculty and staff be very considerate and this is a great HRM challenge to ensure an amicable atmosphere all around. But this human capital needs monetary capital for training and compensation and that too poses a great challenge for me. A3: Of course there are other challenges that one faces in such a diverse and large organization. All problems relate to people in the end. However I see to it that I restrict my activities to my department only without bringing personal feelings or value judgments into actions or decisions. A4: My job requires for me to be

Mechanisms for Optical Limiting

Mechanisms for Optical Limiting Chapter 2 2.1. Reverse Saturable Absorption In the mid 1960s shortly after the invention of the laser, many researchers were investigating dyes for potential application to Q-switching of the laser cavity. For this application, dyes were sought that would bleach to transparency under intense illumination (saturable absorbers). Guiliano and Hess [2a] in 1967 were investigating vat dyes and their modified cousins and noted some examples that not only did not bleach to transparency but instead darkened at high intensities. This was the first recognition of the property of reverse saturable absorption (RSA). Reverse saturable absorption generally arises in a molecular system when the excited state absorption cross section is larger than the ground state cross section. The process can be understood by considering a system that is modeled using three vibronically broadened electronic energy levels, as shown in figure 2.1. The cross section for absorption from the ground state 1 is à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³2 is the cross section for absorption from the first excited state 2 to the second excited state 3. The lifetime of the first excited state is à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´2 (seconds). Figure 2.1: Three level and Four level models for RSA As light is absorbed by the material, the first excited state begins to become populated and contributes to the total absorption cross section. If à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³2 is smaller than à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1, then the material becomes more transparent or ‘bleaches’ i.e. it is a saturable absorber. If à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³2 is larger than à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1, then the total absorption increases, and the material is known as a reverse saturable absorber. This behavior is shown in figure 2.2 Figure 2.2: Plot of the incident intensity versus the transmitted intensity of a typical three level RSA material. The change in intensity of a beam as it propagates through the material is: , (2.1) Where z is the direction traversed, NT is the total number of active molecules per area in the slice dz, N2 is the population of level 2 and the population of level 3 has been neglected. Initially, the material obeys Beer’s law when 2 is unpopulated, and the transmission is constant as the incident fluence is increased. The slope is given by. At a sufficiently high fluence, however, the first excited state 2 becomes substantially populated and in the limit of complete ground state depletion the slope again becomes constant at the new value of. The optical limiting action is not truly limiting, as the fluence, which is transmitted, is still increasing with increasing incident fluence, but it does so more slowly. If the ratio à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³2/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1, is sufficiently large, however, the new transmission will be small and in a properly designed system the dynamic range of the sensor will be greatly extended. The three level diagrams describe the simplest case for RSA materials but can generally only be applied for subnanosecond pulses and under circumstances such that transitions from the second excited state are negligible. The energy states involved in three level materials usually consists of singlet states and the transitions are all allowed. The transition cross sections are therefore large, but a disadvantage is that de-excitation is rapid (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´2 is small). This necessitates larger intensities for long pulses to activate the nonlinearity through populating the excited electronic state. Fortunately, on longer timescales in some systems, significant intersystem crossing to other states can occur from the first excited state. In this case the five level diagrams shown in figure 2.1 is applicable. The excited state 4 is usually a triplet or other long-lived state, and for long pulses it can act as a metastable state that accumulates population during the pulse. The lifetime of 4 gives an indication of the maximum pulse width for which the material is efficient to act as an optical limiter. Pulses with duration longer than the metastable state allow some of the metastable molecules generated by the leading edge of the pulse to decay to the ground state before the trailing edge have passed, thereby reducing the RSA. In most systems, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´3 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´5 are very small and significant populations of 3 and 5 do not accumulate. Therefore, N3 and N5 can be set to zero, considerably simplifying the dynamical equations describing. The equations representing the full five level models are given below by: (2.2) (2.3) (2.4) (2.5) (2.6) (2.7) and (2.8) Where hà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ® is the energy per photon, I is the intensity of the pulse and stimulated emission has been neglected. The latter assumes that optical coupling to the excited states is well above the bottom of the vibronic manifolds and that relaxation from the optically-coupled states to the bottom of the manifolds occurs on a time scale that is much shorter than the pulse duration. To completely understand the response of an RSA device, these equations must be solved as the pulse propagates through the material. The material parameters necessary to solve the equations are à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³2, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³4, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´2, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´4 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´24. For optimum optical limiting performance, certain parameters need to be maximized. The ratio of the excited state absorption to the ground state, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³2/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³4/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ³1 should be large to minimize the transmission of the limiter at high incident intensity. For maximum efficiency, the lifetime of the triplet state (à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´2) and the intersystem crossing rate l/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ´24 should be large to populate the triplet state and maintain the population throughout the pulse. By the mechanism of RSA we get better performance on optical limiting. 2.2. Two-Photon Absorption (TPA): Two-photon absorption (TPA) can also be used in a manner similar to RSA to construct optical limiters. In contrast with reverse saturable absorption, TPA is an instantaneous nonlinearity that involves the absorption of photon from the field to promote an electron from its initial state to a virtual intermediate state, followed by the absorption of a second photon that takes the electron to its final state. Since the intermediate state for such transitions is virtual, energy need not be conserved in the intermediate state but only in the final state. The mechanism of TPA can be thought of in terms of the three level RSA model for the case where the lifetime of the intermediate state approaches zero and the ground state absorption is extremely low (highly transparent). The intensity of the beam as it traverses the material is: (2.9) Where z is the linear absorption coefficient and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ is the TPA coefficient which is related to the imaginary part of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £(3) by the equation (SI units): (2.10) Here, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ · is the circular frequency of the optical field, n0 is the linear index of refraction, and c is the speed of light in vacuum. The solution to the propagation equation for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡= 0 (transparent material at low intensities) is given by (2.11) Where L is the sample length. This clearly demonstrates that the output intensity decreases as the input intensity increases, exactly the behavior that is desired for an optical limiter. The strength of this reduction is explicitly dependent on the TPA coefficient, the incident intensity and the sample thickness. For TPA, the material response is of the order of an optical cycle and is, therefore, independent of the optical pulse length for a fixed intensity. The device will respond virtually instantaneously to the pulse. On the other hand, because of the limited magnitude of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢ in existing materials, high intensities are required to realize significant TPA. Since the intensity is essentially the energy density divided by the pulse duration, short pulses are required to achieve limiting with TPA for energy densities that may be high enough to damage an optical sensor. 2.3. Free-Carrier Absorption: This type of limiting occurs in semiconductor materials. Once carriers are optically generated in a semiconductor, whether by single photon or two-photon absorption, these electrons (holes) can be promoted to states higher (lower) in the conduction (valence) band by absorbing additional photons. This process is often phonon assisted, although depending on the details of the band structure and the frequency of the optical excitation, it may also be direct. The phonon assisted phenomenon is referred to as free-carrier absorption, and it is analogous to excited-state absorption in a molecular system. It is clearly an accumulative nonlinearity, since it depends on the buildup of carrier population in the bands as the incident optical pulse energy is absorbed. Free-carrier absorption always plays some role in the operation of a semiconductor limiter, if the excitation process results in the generation of significant free carrier populations in the bands. While it certainly contributes to the limiter performance and its inclusion is important in the precise modeling of the response of such devices, just as in the case of TPA, its importance typically pales in comparison with nonlinear refractive effects, whether the carriers are generated by single photon or two photon transitions. 2.4. Nonlinear Refraction Optical limiters based on self focusing and defocusing form another class of promising devices. The mechanism for these devices may arise from nonlinear refraction associated with carrier generation by either linear or two photon absorption in a semiconductor. Both self focusing and defocusing devices operate by refracting light away from the sensor as opposed to simply absorbing the incident radiation. Compared to strictly absorbing devices, these limiters can, therefore, potentially yield a larger dynamic range before damage to the limiter itself. Figure 2.3 (a) shows the typical device configuration for a self defocusing limiter, while figure 2.3 (b) shows a similar device based on self focusing. A converging lens is used to focus the incident radiation so it passes through the nonlinear medium. This lens provides optical gain to the system, allowing the device to activate at low incident intensities. The output passes through an aperture before impinging on the detector. At low input levels, the nonlinear medium has little effect on the incident beam, and the aperture blocks an insignificant portion of the beam, thus allowing for a low insertion loss for the device. When nonlinear refraction occurs, however, the nonuniform beam profile within the medium results in the generation of a spatially nonuniform refractive index. This acts as either a negative or positive lens, depending on the sign of the refractive nonlinearity, causing the incident beam to either defocus or focus. Figure 2.3: (a) Typical self defocusing optical limiter configuration (b) Typical self focusing optical limiter configuration. In a properly designed system, this self lensing results in significant energy blocked by the system aperture, thereby protecting the sensor. The location of the nonlinear medium is critical to the operation of the refractive limiting device. A self-focusing limiter works best if the nonlinear medium is placed approximately a Rayleigh range before the intermediate focus of the device. When the focusing lens is induced the effective focal length of the device is reduced, and hence a larger beam appears at the exit aperture. For a self-defocusing material, the optimum geometry is approximately one Rayleigh range after the focus. This geometry dependence can be exploited to determine not only the sign of the nonlinear refraction in a given medium, but the magnitude as well. This is the principle behind the so-called Z-scan technique, which has been pioneered by Van Stryland and coworkers [2b,2c]. The technique consists of moving the nonlinear medium through the focal region of a tightly focused beam while measuring the transmittance through an aperture placed in the far field of the focal plane. When the medium is far before the focal plane, no self-lensing occurs. As the medium approaches the focal plane, the high intensity begins to induce a lens in the medium. For a negative nonlinearity, this lens tends to collimate the beam, thereby increasing the transmittance through the aperture. Near the focal plane, even though the intensity is highest, the influence of the induced lens is minimized, resulting in a transmittance comparable to the linear transmittance. This is similar to placing a thin lens at the focus of a beam; this results in minimal effect on the far field beam pattern. As the sample is moved beyond the focal plane, the negative lens tends to increase the beam divergence, resulting in a decrease in the aperture transmittance. As the medium is moved still farther from focus, the intensity again becomes weak enough that the induced lensing is negligible. This sequence results in a change in transmittance with a characteristic peak, followed by a null, followed by a valley as the sample is moved from the input lens, through focus, toward the output lens. For a positive nonlinearity, the pattern consists of a valley, a null, and then a peak. Thus, the sign of the nonlinearity is readily determined. While nonlinear absorption has been neglected in this discussion, if present, it must also be accounted for. This is readily done by removing the aperture in the limiter and collecting all the light transmitted by the nonlinear material. This measurement is then insensitive to nonlinear refraction. The response in this case is a valley symmetrically located about the focal plane. It should be noted that nonlinear absorption and induced scattering cannot be distinguished by this technique. The general shape of the Z-scan for a positive index change, negative index change, and a nonlinear absorber or scatterer is shown in figure 2.4 . Figure 2.4: Schematic representation of z-scan results for a negative refractive nonlinearity (dashed curve) and a positive refractive nonlinearity (dotted curve). Both curves have been corrected for absorption. The solid curve shows the result of removing the aperture from the measurement apparatus and collecting all the transmitted light, thus isolating the nonlinear absorption [1e]. 2.5. Induced Scattering Scattering roots from interaction of light with small centers which may be physical particles or simple interfaces sandwiched between non-excited and excited molecular groups. The size of the scattering centers determines whether the scattering will be quite directional or reasonably uniform. Transmission of a medium, for a given solid angle, decreases when scattering centers are induced in the medium by an optical signal. Therefore, this phenomenon of scattering induced by optical signal may be applied to manufacture of optical limiters for sensor protection. Optical limiters based on induced scattering are usually focused on liquid media, as the phenomenon is usually reversible in these media. That is to say, the liquid in the excited state can return to equilibrium with ease in the absence of chemical or structural decomposition. However, in solids, usually irreversible decomposition processes generate the scattering centers which can lead to degradation in the device’s lin ear operation. When light is incident on a particle, the electric charges within the particle oscillate due to its interaction with the electric field. Radiations are then caused by the oscillation. In 1899, Lord Rayleigh originally presented the analytic expression and theory of the elastic scattering of light from particles with dimensions smaller than the wavelength of light. Rayleigh scattering is the name given to the phenomenon. This applies only to particles whose dimensions are quite smaller than the wavelength of light or which are non-absorbing. However, in 1908, Mie developed a theory for particles with dimensions comparable to the wavelength of light or greater [2d]. The transmitted intensity equations of the Mie scattering are notably more intricate than of Rayleigh scattering. In Mie scattering, a bigger percentage of the scattered radiation is in forward direction as the size of the scattering particles increases, implying that limiting based on Mie scattering will not be as effectiv e as Rayleigh scattering. 2.6. Photorefraction Two devices, namely coherent-beam excisor and the beam fanning limiter based on the photorefractive effect are used to limit coherent optical radiation. Materials showing photorefraction should have a nonzero χ(2). The traditional photorefractive mechanism is based on the photorefractive crystal which possesses deep levels that can be excited optically to generate free charge in the conduction or valence band. In a material showing photorefraction, when two coherent beams interfere, additional mobile charge are generated at the peaks of the intensity pattern than at the valleys through photoexcitation of the deep levels of the crsytal. These charges which are photoexcited at the peaks diffuse into the valleys ensuing a variation of charge spatially, in correspondence to the material’s interference pattern. These charges results in an electrostatic space-charge field which gives rise to a change in refractive index through the electro-optic effect in a properly oriented cry stal. Energy coupling and energy exchange can then be achieved between the two beams through the grating generated, which is 90 degrees phase shifted from the intensity of the photon field. A high intensity coherent beam when incident singly on a photorefractive crystal, the energy can be coupled into a large amount of low intensity scattered beams. Fields with new wave vectors are generated inside the crystal by the scattering of the incident beam at the crystal imperfections. The photorefractive gratings are then produced by the interference of the incident field with these scattered fields. Optical signal can later be coupled from the incident beam to the scattered beams through diffraction from these gratings. The light gets preferentially scattered to one side of the crystal as there is a preferred direction of energy transfer for photorefractive gratings which is determined by the direction of the c-axis of the crystal and the charge carriers’ sign. This photorefractive beam fanning phenomenon can be quite efficient in reducing the intensity of the transmitted beam. Construction of an optical limiter using this beam fanning process has been demonstrated by Cronin-Golomb and Yariv [2e]. The photorefractive excisor is another device which provides a weak seed beam to interfere with the incident beam. It is assembled to protect the sensor in such a way that the photorefractive grating produced by the interference of the primary beam with the seed beam at high intensities couples energy from the strong incident beam to the weak seed beam. The speed and efficiency of the device is thus improved. 2.7. Summary All of the nonlinear phenomena discussed above can be used for optical limiting, and figure 2.5 schematically illustrates the application of some of these processes. Figure 2.5 (a) depicts the use of induced absorption, such as reverse saturable absorption, two-photon absorption, and free-carrier absorption. Figures 2.5(b) and 2.5(d) represent, respectively, a self-defocusing limiter, self-focusing limiter, and an induced scattering limiter. Finally, figures 2.5(e) and 2.5(f) illustrate a photorefractive beam fanning limiter and a photorefractive excisor device. While it is often the case that any given material will exhibit multiple nonlinear properties, for simplicity the effects of each individual process have been separately depicted in figure 2.5. Figure 2.5: Some optical limiters based on different mechanisms (a) an induced absorption limiter (b) Self defocusing limiter (c) Self focusing limiter (d) Induced scattering limiter (e) Beam fanning limiter (f) Photorefractive excisor device [1e].

Grandma :: essays research papers

Grandma   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I drifted down the hallway, it seemed endless. With my stomach in my throat I walked. I could not feel my feet hitting the ground, nor notice anyone around me. I just walked. The smell of the place was intoxicating. It reminded me of insulin or disinfectant spray. I entered her room; it was dark. The sound of beeping machines echoed in my ears. I walked to her bed. She was sleeping soundly. Her body was frail and looked as if she was bone covered with skin. She was weak and tired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cancer had been eating away at her, slowly devouring her body, life and spirit. She had been sick for a couple of months now. I hated visiting, seeing her so sick it made my stomach churn. I stayed with her at the hospital for a short time visiting. I hated seeing her, my grandma, that way. She was sick from the cancer that came back and this time it was worse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cancer began in the fall months of 1992. My grandma had felt a hard, pea-sized lump on her breast. She preceded to see a specialist, Dr. Whall. What she heard wasn’t exactly what she had expected. She had breast cancer. I didn’t expect it either. I was scared for her, scared for me. She was my closest friend, and my confidant and I loved her very much. I spent a lot of time with her. What would I do if I lost her? Fortunately the cancer didn’t take her away. She lost her hair and her left breast, but she made full recovery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My grandma was as good as new. She and I spent even more time together. I cherished every minute of it, trying not to take it for granted. We went to garage sales in the summer and cooked pies in the winter. Our favorite thing to do was to watch butterflies in her garden. She was the wisest woman I knew always giving me the best advice. Wether her advice was about boys, friends, or other aspects of life she was almost always right. Everything between us was perfect again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My grandma had been in remission for nine years. She always went for a yearly check up with Dr. Whall. Every year the tests came back topnotch. She was in perfect health. But the good health was short lived, when she went for a check up in 2001.

Discrimination against people with HIV at work Essay

More than twenty years after the first case of HIV Aids were reported, the issue of discrimination of HIV Aids infected workers continue to elicit mixed reactions in most organizations. Discrimination, at the work place is common all over the world, although it may manifest itself differently depending on the organization. According to an International Labour Organization, ILO (6) report â€Å"Global Report on HIV Pandemic†, â€Å"HIV infected employees suffer stigma which could be in the form of ridicule or social isolation and in some cases their employment might be terminated. † This essay will be highlighting the issue of HIV Aids discrimination at the work place by assessing the existing divergences on this issue. The problem of HIV Aids discrimination at the work place has become more pertinent because of the serious negative effects on individual and overall performance of organizations. The impacts of AIDS on employees at the work place are very considerable to the extent that it has led to the deaths of skilled and educated personnel. HIV Aids is a normal disease that is just like any other and therefore we need to deal with those that are infected with lots of understanding. All over the world, governments have realized the impacts of HIV Aids and put across legislations meant to address this issue. In South Africa, the Employment Equity Act made it illegal for the majority of Government departments to carry out pre-employment HIV testing (ILO 22). Many countries have integrated HIV policy that protects those infected in their policies on employment so as to curb discrimination. However some countries still have legislations that are discriminatory. Cases of deportation of expatriates with HIV/AIDS have been reported in the United Arab Emirates UAE, (Rahimi 17) hence bringing to fore challenges that are brought about by these variations. Discrimination against workers infected with AIDS is unacceptable within organizations and is punishable by law. This allows for infected and able workers to contribute to the economy and towards leading a normal life. AIDS and other related infections can be addressed in the workplace through the formation of a committee that will promote the implementation of non-discriminatory policies in the workplace against infected employees. The committee develops policies on HIV/AIDS that aim at addressing the plight of infected persons and their welfare in the workplace. The program will contain policies that address employment issues of the infected employees. The program is communicated to all departments of the organization to give employees a chance to familiarize themselves on the disease. The support of the top management is necessary for the successful implementation of the HIV/AIDS program. The HIV/AIDS workplace policy components that guide the employer in dealing with the infected employees to ensure they are respected, their status kept confidential and they are treated like any other employee. The policy also prohibits the employee from conducting tests on prospective employees. The committee should develop an education program which will offer education to the employees about HIV/AIDS to avoid misunderstanding between the employees. The employees should understand the facts to avoid discriminating infected employees. By understanding how the disease can and cannot be transmitted will reduce discrimination in the workplace. The program will also inform the employees on their rights regarding their employment and any form of discrimination. The education program should also provide for ways to avoid the spread of the disease and ensuring the safety of the employees. This will help in avoiding stigmatization of infected employees. The program should also offer support through guidance and counseling the infected. The education should offer for evaluation on its effectiveness towards reducing discrimination and fighting the disease in the workplace. Mellow recommends on the evaluation of tasks and activities performed by the employees to ensure their safety. Employees who are always in contact with body fluids face a high risk of getting infected and the company should consider providing them with the necessary safety equipment. The committee should also develop the infection control program that aims at reducing infections in the workplace. Already infected employees are informed on how to conduct themselves to avoid spreading infections in the workplace. The applicability of the program is confined to situations where the employees can get infected while conducting their normal duties. The employees are provided with protective gear that shields them from spreading or getting infected with the disease. The program informs the employees on how to clean their protective equipment to avoid transmissions to unsuspecting employees (48). Discrimination amongst employees with AIDS violates the basic human right to work and the fundamental principles to work. This further affects the measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The loss of skilled employees due to their positive status result to low production of the organization and as the operation costs rise higher. To resolve the HIV/AIDS issue in the workplace should be approached carefully by observing the workers rights. The workers should be involved in decision making and the formulation of policies about the issue in their work environment. This will avoid rejection by the employees of the HIV/AIDS program once it starts to be adopted. The employees should also be made to understand why it is important for the company to adopt such a program. Participation by all the factions of the organization will provide for its successful adoption. The employees should also be provided with the necessary equipment to reduce their exposure towards contracting the disease. The organization should also respect decisions by workers to reject an activity due to high exposure towards contacting the disease. The mere excuse of refusing to perform an activity because a colleague is infected does not validate it. However, where lack of protective gear is cited the employee has got reason to refuse performing the activity. Workers also have the right to know areas in the workplace that highly expose them towards getting infected with the disease. In implementing the education program, the committee should oversee the placing of warning signs in the organization informing employees of the underlying danger. Anti-discriminatory policies on HIV at the work place however face immense criticism from various quarters who argue that they just bring in unnecessary costs and sometimes are used to protect non-performers. A point put forward is that in most cases there is reduced production when it comes to those that are infected, hence either putting employers in a dilemma of facing the wrath of being sued or facing the wrath of trade unions if they terminate the employee or retaining the employer and incurring extra costs. These opposing camps further posit that these workers are always a source of conflict with other workers; which leads to reduced overall performance. Some employees might feel uncomfortable working around them, an issue most organizations have ignored. Generally this state of affairs can be seen in most organizations throughout the world, but the extent of discrimination from different organizations. Conclusion The development of a HIV/AIDS program aims at ensuring that infected workers get a chance to lead a normal life while serving the nation. The program starts by formulating a company’s HIV/AIDS policy with the help of the workers. This will lead to the quick implementation of the program without facing any opposition. The next step is the formation of an education program that educates the workers on the facts about the disease and how to protect themselves. The program also sees the provision of safety equipment and the identification of areas that pose great risk of infection to employees. The programs should then be continually evaluated to check on their effectiveness in containing the disease. If the program is ineffective then changes are made to improve on its effectiveness. There is need to understand that no policy or legal framework can fully address the issue of HIV at the work place. Appropriate communication mechanisms are needed at the work place especially when it comes to confronting the fears and attitudes that continue hampering effective and sustained policies that protect employees infected with HIV Aids. Works Cited International Labor Organization. Global Report on HIV Pandemic Geneva: ILO, 2005. Mello J. A. AIDS and the Law of the Workplace. New York: West view Press, 2006. Rahimi, S. The UAE’s New Fight against HIV. New York: Penguin, 2007.

7 Fascinating Facts About Fungi

7 Fascinating Facts About Fungi What do you think of when you think of fungi? Do you think of the mold growing in your shower or mushrooms? Both are types of fungi as fungi can range from unicellular (yeasts and molds) to multicellular organisms (mushrooms) that contain spore-producing fruit bodies for reproduction. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are classified in their own Kingdom, called Fungi. The cell walls of fungi contain chitin, a polymer that is similar in structure to glucose from which it is derived. Unlike plants, fungi dont have chlorophyll so are not able to make their own food. Fungi typically acquire their nutrients/food by absorption. They release digestive enzymes into the environment that assist in this process. Fungi are very diverse and have even contributed to improvements in medicine. Lets explore seven interesting facts about fungi. 1) Fungi Can Cure Disease Many may be familiar with the antibiotic known as penicillin. Did you know that it was produced from a mold that is a fungus? Around 1929, a doctor in London, England wrote a paper on what he called penicillin which he had derived from the Penicillium notatum mold (now known as Penicillium chrysogenum). It had the ability to kill bacteria. His discovery and research started a chain of events that would lead to the development of many antibiotics that would save countless lives. Similarly, the antibiotic cyclosporine is a key immunosuppressant and is used in organ transplants. 2) Fungi Can Also Cause Disease Many diseases can also be caused by fungi. For example, while many associate ringworm with being caused by a worm, it is caused by a fungus. It gets its name from the circular shape of the rash produced. Athletes foot is another example of a disease caused by fungi. Many other diseases such as eye infections, valley fever, and Histoplasmosis are caused by Fungi. 3) Fungi Are Vital to the Environment Fungi play a key role in the cycle of nutrients in the environment. They are one of the main decomposers of dead organic matter. Without them, the leaves, dead trees, and other organic matter that build up in the forests wouldnt have their nutrients available for other plants to use. For example, nitrogen is a key component that is released when fungi decompose organic matter. 4) Fungi Can Last for a Long Time Depending on the conditions, many fungi, like mushrooms, can be dormant for extended periods of time. Some can sit dormant for years and even decades and still have the ability to grow under the right conditions. 5) Fungi Can Be Deadly Some fungi are toxic. Some are so toxic that they can cause instant death in animals and humans. Deadly fungi often contain a substance known as amatoxins. Amatoxins typically are very good at inhibiting RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase II is a necessary enzyme involved in the production of a type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA plays an important role in DNA transcription and protein synthesis. Without RNA polymerase II, cell metabolism will stop and cell lysis occurs. 6) Fungi Can Be Used to Control Pests Some species of fungi are able to suppress the growth of insects and nematodes that may cause harm to agricultural crops. Typically the fungi that can have such impacts are part of the group called hyphomycetes. 7) A Fungus Is the Largest Living Organism on the Planet A fungus known as the honey mushroom is the largest living organism on the planet. It is believed to be about 2400 years old and covers over 2000 acres. Interestingly enough, it kills trees as it spreads. There you have it, seven interesting facts about fungi. There are many additional interesting facts about fungi that range from fungi being used to produce the citric acid used in many beverages to fungi being the cause for zombie ants. Some fungi are bioluminescent and can even glow in the dark. While scientists have classified many of the fungi in nature, it is estimated that there are vast numbers that remain unclassified so their potential uses are likely numerous.

Police Memorial essays

Police Memorial essays Throughout Battery Park, in downtown New York City, the sculpture I found to be most intriguing is the New York City Police Memorial, by Stuart B. Crawford. Memorials and monuments create solid, deeper meaning to the public. This is because memorials contain certain information, which is clear to the viewers. This New York Police Memorial serves as a constant reminder of the officers who have past away serving the people of the city. The emotion that this piece emits is very different compared to sculptures by Alexander Calder or Ned Smyths The Upper Room which therefore produce a different kind of interaction of the audience and the piece. In my analysis, I will have a well thought out argument on the reactions of the public to works of public art. I will discus how the Police Memorials historical background and how it was developed. I will furthermore provide a formal description of the Memorial and how the work functions. When an artist displays a work of art in a public place he or she must take into consideration many different aspects before making the structure. The degree of interaction that may take place between the public and the work of art is well thought out by the artists. The artist considers what the piece is portraying and the purpose of making art. At the same time, different types of people are attracted to art in different ways. In this case, viewers are either fascinated by the work, reminded of the deceased, taught a lesson or simply admire the work of art. The reaction of this piece by the public ranges greatly, I witness people interacting with the work to eat their lunch or read a book, as well as people walking by it without noticing it. Memorials are meant to function as a constant reminder of the people that served the nation in some way and who have died while doing so. This is comparable to cemeteries in a way that it is for people to remember the ones that passed away. Mon...

Due Process Video Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Due Process Video - Movie Review Example Thus the parent should be compensated for the financial expenses incurred in admitting Stephen to the private school with effective programs for learners having autism. The weakest witness in the due process hearing is the school district. This is because the district did not adopt an appropriate education standard and process for the learners experiencing the autism condition. The IEP requires the school district to provide appropriate and free education to all students experiencing disabilities. The most effective witnesses are the parents. This is because they adequately understand that appropriate education should be legally provided for free. Hence, they should be compensated for meeting the costs of private education. The school district provided a significant rationale or explanation as to why Stephen’s tuition should not be paid or compensated. The board claims that it is only the disabled learners in the public education process who benefit from the free education. The private school education process for the disabled learners is not considered in the free education budget or the IDEA. Hence, compensation should not be paid because Stephen was transferred to a private school. The parent of the disabled learners in the private schools should pay fully for the education expense. The defense team illustrated significant rationale explaining why the school district should compensate the parents. It is the legal responsibility for the school district to provide appropriate education to learners with autism like Stephen, at no cost to the parents. The district did not provide the appropriate education as illustrated through IDEA. Thus the learners with autism were transferred to a private school with the appropriate education for the learners with autism challenges. It is only fair if the school board compensated the parents for the education expenses

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Portfolio - Essay Example Block center O. Dramatic Play center P. Climbing area Q. Window Front 3-D view Back 3-D view 3-D view from sides Reflection I created the models for my classroom using an online classroom planning tool. It was really helpful to be able to use the program to plan how I wanted to set up my room. However, the choices of furniture were limited, so I couldn’t be as detailed as I would have liked. I still want to set my future classroom up like the classroom I designed, although I might switch the art center and the soft/book center so that the art center has better lighting. Culturally Respectful Menu Breakfast Lunch Snack Monday Corn pancakes Milk Spaghetti, salad and pears Milk Banana bread Orange Juice Tuesday Sausage Rolls Milk Cuban sandwich, Arroz con pollo, pineapple Milk Tortilla chips Apple Juice Wednesday Open Faced Omelet Orange Juice Chinese pot stickers, fried rice, steamed vegetables Milk Chinese filled buns Milk Thursday Quiche Lorraine Milk Burritos, refried beans, guacamole salad Milk Rice crackers Apple Juice Friday Huevos Rancheros Orange Juice Yakitori, egg noodles, fruit skewers Milk Cheese buns Milk Reflection I arranged the menu the way that I did to make sure that the children got milk twice a day and fruit or vegetables every day. I also made sure that there are at least three different food groups present each day. On the menu, I offered food from the United States, Latin America, South America, Europe and Asia. I really like how culturally varied the menu is, however if I had to plan a menu again, I would make sure that the students were getting a fruit and a vegetable every day. I would also try to balance the menu so that it was less carbohydrate heavy on certain days. Play Observation for a Child with Special Needs I observed in a 4 year old classroom. The classroom, as well as the child care center it was in, followed Adlerian psychology. The basic idea of Adlerian psychology is to encourage the development of healthy and cooper ative individuals and families. The student that I focused on was a student that was diagnosed with ADHD. One technique that I noticed a teacher use when working with the child was rewarding the child when he had a good behavior and ignoring negative behavior. I believe the goal of this method was to show the student that the teacher would only pay him attention when he was behaving well. This was an effective strategy because it caused the student to behave in more positive ways. Another technique that I saw was keeping a posted schedule and referring the child to the schedule whenever he asked a question about what was coming next. The goal of this method was to provide a stable, structured schedule for the child to refer to. I believe this was an effective strategy because the child often used it and had a reduced anxiety about what was coming up next. I also noticed that the teacher gave clear behavior expectations before all activities. The goal of this method was to remind the student of what behaviors were acceptable in class. I believe this was an effective strategy because it helped the student to remember how he should behave during activities. The teacher also spoke to the student privately when they were doing more complex activities. The goal of this activity was to reinforce the steps needed to complete the activity and to clarify any steps. She went over the steps that he would have to take to complete the activity with him, then asked him if he had any questions and

Nestle Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nestle - Case Study Example The board of directors of the company does not show good tactics in solving the issues affecting the company. This is the main problem that has afflicted General Mills Company for many years. Lack of good strategies in running the company is very evident. The company is seen to be shifting from one type of business into another with the aim of expanding their business or maximizing profits, but in return, it gets losses. This is a show poor market research and consideration of the market statistics over the years. According to Wojahn, General Mills Company underwent a series of losses after it decided to start business dealing in non-food substances. This was immediately after the Second World War when it ventured into home appliances, electronic goods, animal feeds, and commercial flour. Wojahn (Wojahn, 2003: p25) says that this was as a result of the rush they had into the market after noticing opportunities to invest in. They needed to conduct a market research to determine the ma rket trends, their preferred produce and customer patterns before they could venture into it (Wojahn, 2003: p25). Their lack of good strategies also makes the board decide on moving out of a market without proper consideration of future outcomes. The company easily pulls out from a market it has tried out but has not been successful. This is shown immediately after the Second World War when it pulled out from electronic goods, home appliances, and animal feeds. In this case, the company had to set the right strategies that could see it, make profits in the same business venture rather than losses. They needed to conduct market research and improve on their products so as to gain a good market share that could make them gain good profits (Wojahn, 2003: p25). After the fail in home appliances, electrical goods, and animal feeds the company still ventured into worldwide sale of snack foods. This could have been a success to the company, but they pulled out so soon. General mills Compan y bought a number of companies dealing in snacks in the following years and even had plans to acquire an international company to deal in manufacturing of shaped snacks (Wojahn, 2003: p25). This vision went blank when FTC restricted them from buying any more companies due to antitrust reasons. The company then started to sell the bought companies one by one, until it remained with only one company. In this case, they needed to expand the already acquired companies to gain market share and profits, which they could use to open other companies. Pulling out of the business after some time shows a lack of good strategies in running the company (Wojahn, 2003: p25). Considering their lack of tactics in dealing with issues at hand, the company’s board of directors, is seen to lack active participants in discussion of matters affecting the company. This is evident when the CEO of the company urges the directors to ask for questions that can help to point out a problem in decisions ma de by the board. The board is seen to remain silent (Wojahn, 2003: p25). This is a big show of the lack of tactics in dealing with issues affecting the company. The CEO of the company is also seen to lack tactics in handling situations when it is evident that, he takes an average of the views put forward by the board to make a decision. A director need to listen to his directors views but come up with his own critically analyzed decision. Following any of the views put forward is the main problem facing the company. From the above analysis, one of the

Tanglewood casebook Essay Example for Free

Tanglewood casebook Essay The store associate position is one that mainly deals with assisting customers, be it to find certain products, deal with issues, or to just make their experience a pleasant one while dealing with the daily operations of the store. The open method to recruiting means that we are casting a wide net to catch any applicants that we can and see what we get. It’s possible that we may get exactly what we are looking for, but it’s possible that it may just be wasted resources. I recommend the targeted method to recruitment, which means that we are going to go for a specific group of people with specific KSAOs. By using the targeted method we will address some of the staffs concerns about hiring new store associates. The first concern was to reduce turnover; by casting a smaller net, but getting more qualified individuals we may eliminate some of the turnover. This will also help with the lag time, which was the second issue, in that there will be less applicants to sift through, thus letting us get to the more qualified candidates more quickly. This will help us target the applicants we want, which were college to middle age individuals with at least a high school diploma, preferably some college course work, with retail and customer service experience. By getting employees that already have customer service experience, they will already know what they are getting themselves into and what the expectation may be. Hopefully this will also help to acquire people who fit into the culture and are looking for a career and not just a job. By using online applications with specific requirements we will better be able to target these applicants. The same goes for staffing agencies, though costly, we will more effectively acquire qualified individuals. Employee referrals may be a good way to keep up employee relations and morale, but it may not lead to the type of individuals we need. The same goes for open applications. 3) In Western Washington, the highest one year retention rate compared to the amount of applicants hired was by job service agency, followed by employee referrals. This seemed to be effective for them, because the most qualified individuals fell into the referral category, however the total cost was significantly higher for employee referrals at this site, though after a year of survival ended up being the most cost effective method of hiring. In Eastern Washington, the referral method came out the most effective as far as retention rates went, followed by the kiosk method. Following the same trend as the Western Washington region, these individuals seemed to be the most qualified. Again similar to the previous region it also was the most expensive as far as total cost went, but the most effective as far as cost per first year of survival. In Northern Oregon, the agency method had an extremely high retention rate after the first year of hire, followed by the kiosk method. In this region the kiosk method was the most expensive followed by hiring agencies. The hiring agency was the most effective after the first year of hire. In Southern Oregon, a similar trend happens compared to Northern Oregon. The agency method has a the highest post one year retention rate, followed by the referral method. And similar to Northern Oregon, it is the second most expensive as far as total cost goes, but the most effective as far as post first year hire cost is concerned. 4) It would be ineffective to follow the same hiring methods for all four regions in that in both Oregon based regions the best recruitment method seems to be agency based and in the Washington regions the referral method is most effective. If the company attempted to force all regions to have the same hiring standards they would incur higher cost, less effective recruitment methods, and would obtain less qualified individuals. 5) It has proven true for the company that cheaper is not always better, therefore getting the cheapest labor will not yield the most effective customer service. It would be beneficial to rate employee performance in accordance to high, middle, and low performers and to discuss with them how they feel they are doing in conjunction with suggestions on yielding better performance. Better performance should come with some type of reward, for example an extra vacation day, a more desirable assignment, or an annual pay increase. It also would be beneficial to employees to have additional training in customer service issues in order to prepare them for what issues they may run into. As far as the bottom line hiring requirements go, at least a year of customer service related experience should be required for employment. As previously stated this will ensure that these new candidates will know what to expect from their job, and what expectations an employer would have of them. (Please refer to question 2 for how managerial concerns will be addressed.) 6) The targeted method would be aiming at a specific group of candidates. They may say that they are searching for a candidate with some completed college coursework and customer service experience looking to work as a store associate at Tanglewood. It also should state that if the associate seems promising they may be put on the fast track to management if they desire. The realistic method gives a real view of what the job would entail. It may say something like dealing with day to day store issues including customer complaints. It gives an employee a real look as to what they may be doing, but some argue that it may turn away good potential candidates before they actually have the opportunity to experience both the good and the bad. The branded recruitment strategy is searching for a candidate that will fit into your brand. They may say looking for a self starting individual who wants to be part of not just a company, but a family. By doing this employees feel a tie to the company’s brand and want to work for the company and not just the job. Work Cited Heneman III, Herbert G., Judge, Timothy A., and Kammemeyer-Mueller, John D. Staffing Organizations: 7th Edition. Middleton: Mendota House, 2012. Print. Kammemeyer-Mueller, John. Tanglewood Casebook for use with Staffing Organizations: 7th Edition. Middleton: Mendota House, 2012. Print.